What type of monitoring provides real-time internal access to fetal heart rate?

Internal monitoring provides real-time access to fetal heart rate by placing a fetal scalp electrode directly on the fetus's scalp. This method allows for continuous and accurate measurement of the fetal heart rate, as it minimizes interference from maternal movements and external environmental factors, which can affect external monitoring. Internal monitoring is particularly beneficial in situations where a more precise assessment of fetal well-being is necessary, such as in high-risk pregnancies or labor conditions where there are concerns about fetal distress.

In contrast, external monitoring uses sensors placed on the mother's abdomen, which can be less reliable due to factors like maternal movement or body habitus. Telemetric monitoring refers to wireless methods of tracking heart rates but may still rely on external sensors, making it less direct than internal methods. Manual monitoring refers to the palpation of the fetal heart rate through the abdomen, which is not real-time and lacks the continuous data offered by internal monitoring.